Author：Fischer, T;De Biswas, K;Ham, JJ;Naka, R;Huang, WX

Author：Williams, A

Author：Fischer, T

Abstract:Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to present a cybernetic way of seeing analog and digital along with a basic vocabulary for discussing assumptions underlying the use of both terms. Design/methodology/approach - Taking analog and digital not as properties of observed phenomena but as properties of observers, I ask not what is digital or analog, but what I do when I use these terms. I analyze introspectively, and report on, what I think my assumptions are when using the two terms. Findings - I develop a basic vocabulary to describe engagements that I describe as analog or digital. This vocabulary is applicable beyond technical contexts and suitable also for discussing social and creative processes. It includes a kind of observer who I call matchmaker. Research limitations/implications - The presented research is preliminary and subjective. Originality/value - While previous discussions consider analog and digital as properties of observed phenomena, they are considered here as properties of observers. The presented discussion is sufficiently abstract to account for the analog and the digital at various scales, including electronic signal processing and human interaction. The author argues that discussions of engagements described as analog or digital must account for observers of these engagements, including those who act as their matchmakers.

Author：Theodoros, Dounas

Abstract:The paper presents a critique of the Shape Grammar paradigm viewed through the lens of the incompleteness theorem of Go¨del. Shape Grammars have been extensively researched through many lenses. Their productive systemic nature was the focus of the first papers along with more recent treatises in the field while their use in analysis of known building styles has been extensive and a proven mechanism for style analysis. It is surprising though that use of Shape Grammars in actual design in practice however has been minimal. The architectural community has not actively used the paradigm in the design of real buildings, probably because of the rigid analytical approach to style and rules, following from the academic analysis that the paradigm has been subjected to. However I propose that there is another underlying reason, other than the rigid approach to construct a Shape Grammar. The nature of the concurrent application and creation of the rules lies close to the incompleteness theorem of Go¨del, that uses a multitude of Turing Machines to prove that a from a set of True Axioms-A-we will never be able to determine if all sentences are true, without having to invent new axioms, outside the initial set-A-, thus unproven in terms of their true or false nature. Negation of this possibility drives us to the conclusion that true Design can never be feature-complete and thus can never be placed in a trusted framework that we all agree or believe it to be the complete truth. © 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

Author：侯斌超;董一平

Abstract:　　作为早期研究中国传统建筑的欧洲学者之一,德国建筑师恩斯特·鲍希曼(Ernst Boerschmann,1873～1949,又译柏石曼)于1902～1930年三次来到中国,对于中国传统建筑进行考察活动,调查范围遍及十四个省,拍下数千张反映古代皇家建筑、宗教建筑和代表各地风情的民居等内容的中国传统建筑及景观照片,并对包括普陀山宗教建筑在内的大量传统建筑进行了测绘工作。其中,在第二次考察(1906～1909年)过程中,他在宁波及普陀山进行考察,其对象包括天童寺及普陀山宗教建筑等。返回德国之后。他将考察所获得的资料整理,连续出版了6部论述中国传统建筑的专著,成为这一时期欧洲对于中国传统建筑领域研究的权威。本文在全面介绍鲍希曼对于中国传统建筑考察活动的基础上,以其在宁波及普陀山地区开展的调研工作为对象,深入分析其德文著作《中国的建筑和宗教文化之一：普陀山》所载内容,研究其作为一个西方建筑师对于中国传统建筑的研究方法及研究特点,并对其工作中尝试建立的中国传统建筑类型学档案的研究方法在近代对于中国风格建筑产生的影响进行分析,并对这一方法及其成果对今天传统建筑保护工作带来可能的影响展开探讨。

Author：Herr, CM

Abstract:> Context . Structural design education in architecture is typically conceived as a scientific subject taught in a lecture format and based on a transactional view of learning. This approach misses opportunities to contribute to and integrate with design-studio-based architectural education. > Problem . How can radical constructivism inform a design-based pedagogy of structural design in the context of large cohorts of Chinese learners? > Method . The paper outlines how radical constructivist and second order cybernetic perspectives are reflected in an alternative educational approach to structural design. This approach encourages students' individual learning while negotiating constraints deriving from large cohorts as well as the educational expectations of Chinese learners. > Results . Teaching outcomes as well as students' comments show successes in engaging students in adopting a more personal and active attitude in their learning. Students appreciate and praise learning grounded in experience as well as collaborative, peer-led learning. Challenges remain in establishing a more dialogical learning situation and in supporting individual students' learning in large student cohorts. > Implications . Limitations arise from the constraints imposed by large cohorts, limited manpower and an institutional preference for teaching towards written examinations. The research and teaching development presented are ongoing. This paper may inform educators in the fields of architecture and engineering as well as, more generally, educators who seek to develop their teaching based on a radical constructivist epistemology in the context of large cohorts. > Constructivist content . The teaching approach presented links a radical constructivist perspective based on Ernst von Glasersfeld's work with second-order cybernetics in the context of design-based education. The paper discusses challenges and opportunities for this approach in the context of large cohorts of Chinese learners.

Author：Fischer, T;Richards, LD

Abstract:This article traces the changing notions of constraints in design and of systems since the mid-20th century in the intersection of design theory and systems theory. Taking a second-order cybernetic perspective, the article develops constraints as observer dependent and it analyzes conditions under which constraints tend to be beneficial or detrimental. Ethical implications of constraints in design processes are established with reference to system boundaries. Constraint-oriented design is discussed as an alternative to goal-oriented design, and a method called constraint reversal is introduced as a strategy of deliberate defiance of constraints to support design exploration.

Author：Wortmann, T

Abstract:Although there is a substantial body of academic literature on Architectural Design Optimization (ADO), not much is known about actual ADO practices. This paper presents results from a user study of ADO in Grasshopper and compares them with previous studies. Compared to these studies, this anonymous, web-based survey employed a more relevant sample in that all eighteen respondents actually use ADO and in that they represent a mix of students, academics, and professionals. The survey's results highlight the importance of supporting meaningful selections from and better understandings of optimization results and question the ADO literatures' emphasis on evolutionary, multi-objective optimization algorithms. They thus guide future research and development on ADO tools and ultimately contribute to the design of a more resource- and energy-efficient built environment.

Author：Williams, A

Author：Dong Yiping;Hou Binchao

Abstract:本文回顾美国工业建筑遗产保护的发展过程,并以纽约"高线"铁路的保护历程为样本,深入研究其保护过程的两大阶段,分析高线保护与再生的历史语境及其转换过程,归纳其保护模式。

Author：Williams, A

Author：Herr, CM

Abstract:Purpose - This paper connects the notions of abstract and actual based on a reflection of the Chinese notions of xiangsheng (mutual arising) and xushi (abstract/actual, empty/full). These word pairs enable a conception of abstract and actual that shows an alternative to, and which complements, distinctions of the terms that are based in dualism and rationalism. Design/methodology/approach - The author sidesteps methodological rigour as practiced in the West as the style of thought introduced here shows a picture of abstract and actual arising from mutual interdependence rather than attempting to describe and formally distinguish abstract and actual through an observer-independent methodology. Findings - Discussing the relationship of actual and abstract from the viewpoint of the Chinese cultural tradition, this paper shows how abstract and actual may be thought of as a mutually generating, dynamic and polar relationship. The discussion further provides a basis for understanding how perceptions of abstract and actual can be understood as choices made by observers. Research limitations/implications - This research is based on the limited personal experience of the author as a teacher of architectural design at one Taiwanese and one Chinese university. Originality/value - This paper reflects on the relationship of abstract and actual from a non-dualist viewpoint by introducing traditional Chinese ways of seeing and appreciating, and connecting this perspective to cybernetic and radical constructivist epistemologies. To show the relationship between abstract and actual as polar and mutually arising, the paper focuses particularly on making and experiencing in and through creative processes.

Author：Kim, MK;Baldini, L;Leibundgut, H;Wurzbacher, JA

Abstract:This study examines the moisture performance of a carbon dioxide (CO2) adsorption device and its utilization as a novel ventilation strategy in buildings. The device adsorbs CO2 and a small amount of moisture in the CO2 capture process. To activate a CO2 capture device for air recirculation in a building or connect it to an air handling unit to minimize the ventilation rate, the air needs to be controlled to have a steady-state humidity ratio below 12 g/kg, which is the maximum humidity ratio allowed in a room according to international standards. This study exhibits the moisture performance of an implemented CO2 capture device in the operation of an air ventilation system and its ability to recirculate indoor air via experimentation and numerical modeling for saving energy in buildings. Moreover, this research also evaluates the humidity performance using the strategy of connecting the CO2 capture device with an air handling unit and recirculating the air in the breathing zone based on an occupancy diversity factor. Based on these results, the study indicates that the air recirculation achieved by either using the CO2 capturing unit itself or connecting it to an air handling unit reduces not only the thermal energy load but also the energy load of dehumidifying the air in buildings. This work newly introduces the humidity performance of a CO2 capture device for air ventilation in buildings, and the novel ventilation paradigm can adjust the supply outdoor airflow rates depending on the surrounding environment and occupant behavior.

Author：Herr, CM

Abstract:> Upshot center dot Based on Sweeting's central question of what design can bring to cybernetics, this commentary extends and adds further depth to the target article. Aspects discussed include the nature of practice in relation to design, the introduction of designerly ways of acting and thinking through acting to cybernetics, and the re-introduction of material experimentation typical of early cybernetics.

Author：Ertas A;Smith M W;Tate D;Lawson W D;Baturalp T B

Abstract:This paper outlines a diagnostic approach to quantify the maintainability of a Commercial off-the-Shelf (COTS)-based system by analyzing the complexity of the deployment of the system components. Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) is used to demonstrate how ISM supports in iden-tifying and understanding interdependencies among COTS components and how they affect the com-plexity of the maintenance of the COTS Based System (CBS). Through ISM analysis we have deter-mined which components in the CBS contribute most significantly to the complexity of the system. With the ISM, architects, system integrators, and system maintainers can isolate the COTS products that cause the most complexity, and therefore cause the most effort to maintain, and take precautions to only change those products when necessary or during major maintenance efforts. The analysis also clearly shows the components that can be easily replaced or upgraded with very little impact on the rest of the system.

Author：Lee, S;Cha, J;Kim, MK;Kim, KS;Pham, VH;Leach, M

Abstract:The importance of neural network (NN) modelling is evident from its performance benefits in a myriad of applications, where, unlike conventional techniques, NN modeling provides superior performance without relying on complex filtering and/or time-consuming parameter tuning specific to applications and their wider ranges of conditions. In this paper, we employ NN modelling with training data generation based on sensitivity analysis for the prediction of building energy consumption to improve performance and reliability. Unlike our previous work, where insignificant input variables are successively screened out based on their mean impact values (MIVs) during the training process, we use the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) plot to generate reliable data with a conservative or progressive point of view, which overcomes the issue of data insufficiency of the MIV method: By properly setting boundaries for input variables based on the ROC plot and their statistics, instead of completely screening them out as in the MIV-based method, we can generate new training data that maximize true positive and false negative numbers from the partial data set. Then a NN model is constructed and trained with the generated training data using Levenberg-Marquardt back propagation (LM-BP) to perform electricity prediction for commercial buildings. The performance of the proposed data generation methods is compared with that of the MIV method through experiments, whose results show that data generation using successive and cross pattern provides satisfactory performance, following energy consumption trends with good phase. Among the two options in data generation, i.e., successive and two data combination, the successive option shows lower root mean square error (RMSE) than the combination one by around 400 similar to 900 kWh (i.e., 30%%similar to 75%%).

Author：Westermann, C

Abstract:This essay presents a commentary on Michael Lissack's article "Understanding Is a Design Problem: Cognizing from a Designerly Thinking Perspective." I contextualize key terms and ideas, and raise several questions concerning the relation between the concept of compression and design.

Author：Williams, A

Author：Dounas, T

Abstract:The present paper tries to explore the potential of visual-heavy tools in the creation of virtual reality worlds, with an emphasis on tools borrowed from 3d electronic games. Compared to earlier approaches in virtual reality creation the paper focuses on game design tools and provides a basic framework for interaction in virtual reality, based on classic rather than digital representations, which is then expanded using digital representations. In the second part of the paper a game creation tool is assessed based on its potential not only of usability but also on guiding the designer in specific paths to designing virtual worlds. The assessment is based on a case study of interaction design.

Author：Williams, A